Notes on A Lover's Discourse
In A Lover's Discourse, Roland Barthes compiles a(non-exhaustive) list of "fragments" pertaining to the discourse of
lovers. Barthes calls them "figures" -- gestures of the lover at
work. I've listed them all below.
[source: A Lover's Discourse by Roland
Barthes. Trans. Richard Howard. New York: Hill and Wang, 1978.]
"I am engulfed, I succumb ..."
s'abîmer / to be engulphed
Outburst of annihilation which affects the amorous subject in despair
or fulfillment.
The Absent One
absence / absence
Any
episode of language which stages the absence of the loved object --
whatever its cause and its duration -- and which tends to transform
this absence into an ordeal of abandonment.
"Adorable"
adorable / adorable
Not
managing to name the specialty of his desire for the loved being, the
amorous subject falls back on this rather stupid word: adorable!
The Intractable
affirmation / affirmation
Against and in spite of everything, the subject affirms love as value.
The Tip of the Nose
altération / alteration
Abrupt
production, within the amorous field, of a counter-image of the loved
object. According to minor incidents or tenuous features, the subject
suddenly sees the good Image alter and capsize.
Agony
angoisse / anxiety
The
amorous subject, according to one contingency or another, feels swept
away by the fear of a danger, an injury, an abandonment, a revulsion --
a sentiment he expresses under the name of anxiety
To Love Love
annulation / annulment
Explosion
of language during which the subject manages to annul the loved object
under the volume of love itself: by a specifically amorous perversion,
it is love the subject loves, not the object.
To Be Ascetic
askesis
Whether
he feels guilty with regard to the loved being, or whether he seeks to
impress that being by representing his unhappiness, the amorous subject
outlines an ascetic behavior of self-punishment (in life style, dress,
etc.).
Atopos
atopos / atopos
The
loved being is recognized by the amorous subject as "atopos" (a
qualification given to Socrates by his interlocutors), i.e.,
unclassifiable, of a ceaselessly unforseen originality.
Waiting
attente / waiting
Tumult
of anxiety provoked by waiting for the loved being, subject to trivial
delays (rendezvous, letters, telephone calls, returns).
Dark Glasses
cacher / to hide
A
deliberative figure: the amorous subject wonders, not whether he should
declare his love to the loved being (this is not a figure of avowal),
but to what degree he should conceal the turbulences of his passion:
his desires, his distresses; in short, his excesses (in Racinian
langauges: his fureur).
Tutti Sistemati
casés / pigeonholed
The
amorous subject sees everyone around him as "pigeonholed," each
appearing to be granted a little practical and affective system of
contractual liaisons from which he feels himself to be excluded; this
inspires him with an ambiguous sentiment of envy and mockery.
Catastrophe
catastrophe / catastrophe
Violent
crisis during which the subject, experiencing the amorous situation as
a definitive impasse, a trap from which he can never escape, sees
himself doomed to total destruction.
Laetitia
circonscrire / to circumscribe
To
reduce his wretchedness, the subject pins his hope on a method of
control which permits him to circumscribe the pleasures afforded by the
amorous relation: on the one hand, to keep these pleasures, to take
full advantage of them, and on the other hand, to place within a
parenthesis of the unthinkable those broad depressive zones which
separate such pleasures: "to forget" the loved being outside of the
pleasures that being bestows.
The Heart
coeur / heart
This
word refers to all kinds of movements and desires, but what is constant
is that the heart is constituted into a gift-object -- whether ignored
or rejected.
"All the delights of the earth"
comblement / fulfillment
The
subject insistently posits the desire and the possibility of a complete
satisfaction of the desire implicated in the amorous relation and of a
perfect and virtually eternal success of this relation: paradisiac
image of the Sovereign Good, to be given and to be received.
"I have an Other-ache"
compassion / compassion
The
subject experiences a sentiment of violent compassion with regard to
the loved object each time he sees, feels, or knows the loved object is
unhappy or in danger, for whatever reason external to the amorous
relation itself.
"I want to understand"
compendre / to understand
Suddenly
perceiving the amorous episode as a knot of inexplicable reasons and
impaired solutions, the subject exclaims: "I want to understand (waht
is happening to me)!"
"What is to be done?"
conduite / behavior
A
deliberative figure: the amorous subject raises (generally) futile
problems of behavior: faced with this or that alternative, waht is to
be done? How is he to act?
Connivance
connivence / connivance
The
subject imagines himself speaking about the loved being with a rival
person, and this image generates and strangely develops in him a
pleasure of complicity.
"When my finger accidentally ..."
contacts / contacts
The
figure refers to any interior discourse provoked by a furtive contact
with the body (and more precisely the skin) of the desired being.
Events, Setbacks, Annoyances
contingences / contingencies
Trivialities,
incidents, setbacks, pettinesses, irritations, the vexations of amorous
existence; any factual nucleus whose consequences intersect the amorous
subject's will to happiness, as if chance conspired against him.
The Other's Body
corps / body
Any thought, any feeling, any interest aroused in the amorous subject
by the loved body.
Talking
déclaration / declaration
The
amorous subject's propensity to talk copiously, with repressed feeling,
to the loved being, about his love for that being, for himself, for
them: the declaration does not bear upon the avowal of love, but upon
the endlessly glossed form of the amorous relation.
The Dedication
dédicace / dedication
An
episode of language which accompanies any amorous gift, whether real or
projected; and, more generally, every gesture, whether actual or
interior, by which the subject dedicates something to the loved being.
"We are our own demons"
démons / demons
It
occasionallly seems to the amorous subject that he ispossessed by a
demon of language which impels himto injure himself and to expel
himself -- according to Goethe's expression -- from the paradise which
at other moments the amorous relation constitutes for him.
Domnei
dépendance / dependency
A figure in which common opinion seesthe very condition of the amorous
subject, subjugated to the loved object.
Exuberance
dépense / expenditure
A figure by which the amorous subject both seeks and hesitates to place
love in an economy ofpure expenditure,of "total loss."
The World Thunderstruck
déréalité / disreality
Sentiment of absence and withdrawal of reality experienced by the
amorous subject,confronting the world.
Novel / Drama
drame / drama
The
amorous subject cannot writehis love story himself. Only a very archaic
formcanaccommodate the event which he declaims without being able to
recount.
Flayed
écorché / flayed
The particular sensibility of the amorous subject, which renders him
vulnerable, defenseless to the slightest injuries.
Inexpressible Love
écrire / to write
Enticements,
arguments, and impasses generated by the desire to "express" amorous
feeling in a "creation" (particularly of writing).
The Ghost Ship
errance / errantry
Though
each love is experienced as unique and though the subject rejects the
notion of repeating it elsewhere later on, he sometimes discovers in
himself a kind of diffusion of amorous desire; he then realizes he is
doomed to wander until he dies, from love to love.
"In the loving calm of your arms"
étreinte / embrace
The gesture of the amorous embrace seems to fulfill, for a time, the
subject's dream of total union with the loved being.
Exiled from the Image-repetoire
exil / exile
Deciding to give up the amorous condition, the subject sadly discovers
himself exiled from his Image-repetoire.
The Orange
fâcheux / irksome
Sentiment
of slight jealousy which overcomes the amorous subject when he sees the
loved being's interest attracted or distracted by persons, objects, or
occupations which in his eyes function as so many secondary rivals.
Fade-out
fading / fade-out
Painful
ordeal in which the loved being appears to withdraw from all contact,
without such enigmatic indifference even being directed against the
amorous subject or pronounced to the advantage of anyone else, world or
rival.
At Fault
fautes / faults
In
various contingencies of everyday life, the subject imagines he has
failed the loved being and thereby experiences a sentiment of guilt.
"Special Days"
fête / festivity
The amorous subject experiences every meeting with the loved being as a
festival.
"I am crazy"
fou / mad
It frequently occurs to the amorous subject that he is or is going mad.
"Looking embarrassed"
gêne / embarrassment
A
group scene inwhich the implicit nature of the amorous relation
functions as a constraint and provokes a collective embarrassment which
is not spoken.
Gradiva
Gradiva / Gradiva
This
name, borrowed from Jensen's book analyzed by Freud, designates the
image of the loved being insofar as that being agrees to enter to some
degree into the amorous subject's delirium in order to help him escape
from it.
Blue Coat and Yellow Vest
habit / habiliment
Any
effect provoked or sustained by the clothing which the subject has worn
during the amorous encounter, or wears with the intention of seducing
the loved object.
Identifications
identification / identification
The
subject painfully identifies himself with some person (or character)
who occupies the same position as himself in the amorous structure.
Images
image / image
In the amorous realm, the most painful wounds are inflicted more often
by what one sees than by what one knows.
The Unknowable
inconnaissable / unknowable
Efforst
of the amorous subject to understand and define the loved being "in
itself," by some standard of character type, psychological or neurotic
personality, independent of the particular data of the amorous relation.
"Show me whom to desire"
induction / induction
The
loved being is desired because another or others have shown the subject
that such a being is desirable: however particular, amorous desire is
discovered by induction.
The Informer
informateur / informer
A
friendly figure whose constant role, however, seems to be wound the
amorous subject by "innocently" furnishing commonplace information
about the loved being, though the effect of this information is to
disturb the subject's image of that being.
This can't go on
insupportable / unbearable
The sentiment of an accumulation of amorous sufferings explodes in this
cry: "This can't go on ..."
Ideas of Solution
issues / outcomes
Enticement
of solutions, whatever they may be, which afford the amorous subject,
despite their frequently catastrophic character, a temporary peace;
hallucinatory manipulation of the possible outcomes of the amorous
crisis.
Jealousy
jalousie / jealousy
"A sentiment which is born in love and which is produced by the fear
that the loved person prefers someone else" (Littré).
I Love You
je-t'-aime / I-love-you
The figure refers not to the declaration of love, to the avowal, but to
the repeated utterance of the love-cry.
Love's Languor
langeur / languor
Subtle state of amorous desire, experienced in its dearth, outside of
any will-to-possess.
The Love Letter
lettre / letter
This
figure refers to the special dialectic of the love letter, both blank
(encoded) and expressive (charged with longing to signify desire).
The Loquela
loquela /
This
word, borrowed from Ignatius of Loyola, designates the flux of language
through which the subject tirelessly rehashes the effects of a wound or
the consequences of an action: an emphatic form of the lover's
discourse.
The Last Leaf
magie / magic
Magic
consultations, secret rites, and votive actions are not absent from the
amorous subject's life, whatever culture he belongs to.
"I am odious"
monstreux / monstrous
The
subject suddenly realizes that he is imprisoning the loved object in a
net of tyrannies: he has been pitiable, now he becomes monstrous.
No Answer
mutisme / silence
The
amorous subject suffers anxiety because the loved object replies
scantily or not at all to his language (discourse or letters).
Clouds
nuages / clouds
Meaning and employment of that darkening of mood which overtakes the
subject under various circumstances.
"And the night illuminated the night"
nuit / night
Any
state which provokes in the subject the metaphor of the darkness,
whether affective, intellective, or existential, in which he struggles
or subsides.
The Ribbon
objets / objects
Every object touched by the loved being's body becomes part of that
body, and the subject eagerly attaches himself to it.
Love's Obscenity
obscène / obscene
Discredited
by modern opinion, love's sentimentality must be assumed by the amorous
subject as a powerful transgression which leaves him alone and exposed;
by a reversal of values, then, it is this sentimentality which today
constitutes love's obscenity.
In Praise of Tears
pleurer / crying
The amorous subject has a particular propensity to cry: the functioning
and appearance of tears in this subject.
Gossip
potin / gossip
Pain
suffered by the amorous subject when he finds that the loved being is
the subject of "gossip" and hears that being discussed promiscuously.
Why
pourquoi / why
Even
as he obsessively asks himself why he is not loved, the amorous subject
lives in the belief that the loved object does love him but does not
tell him so.
Ravishment
ravissement / ravishment
The
supposedly initial episode (though it may be reconstructed after the
fact) during which the amorous subject is "ravished" (captured and
enchanted) by the image of the loved object (popular name: love at
first sight; scholarly name: enamoration.
Regretted?
regretté / regretted
Imagining himself dead, the amorous subject sees the loved being's life
continue as if nothing had happened.
"How blue the sky was"
rencontre / encounter
The
figure refers to the happy interval immediately following the first
ravishment, before the difficulties of the amorous relationship begin.
Reverberation
retentissement / reverberation
Fundamental mode of amorous subjectivity: a word, an image reverberates
painfully in the subject's affective consciousness.
Aubade
réveil / waking
Various modes by which the amorous subject finds upon waking that he is
once again besieged by the anxieties of his passion.
Making Scenes
scène / scene
The figure comprehends every "scene" (in the household sense of the
term) as an exchange of reciprocal contestations.
"No clergyman attended"
seul / alone
The
figure refers, not to what the human solitude of the amorous subject
may be, but to his "philosophical" solitude, love-as-passion being
accounted for today by no major system of thought (of discourse).
The Uncertainty of Signs
signes / signs
Whether
he seeks to prove his love, or to discover if the other loves him, the
amorous subject has no system of sure signs at his disposal.
E lucevan le stelle
souvenir / remembrance
Happy
and/or tormenting remembrance of an object, a gesture, a scene, linked
to the loved being and marked by the intrusion of the imperfect tense
into the grammar of the lover's discourse.
Ideas of Suicide
suicide / suicide
In the amorous realm, the desire for suicide is frequent: a trifle
provokes it.
Thus
tel / thus
Endlessly
required to define the loved object, and suffering from the
uncertainties of this definition, the amorous subject dreams of a
knowledge which would let him take the other as he is, thus and
no other, exonerated from any adjective.
Tenderness
tendresse / tenderness
Bliss,
but also a disturbing evaluation of the loved object's tender gestures,
insofar as the subject realizes that he is not their privileged
recipient.
Union
union / union
Dream of total union with the loved being.
Truth
vérité / truth
Every
episode of language refers to the "sensation of truth" the amorous
subject experiences in thinking of his love, either because he believes
he is the only one to see the loved object "in its truth," or because
he defines the specialty of his own requirement as a truth concerning
which he cannot yield.
Sobria Ebrietas
vouloir-saisir / will-to-possess
Realizing
that the difficulties of the amorous relationship originate in his
ceaseless desire to appropriate the loved being in one way or another,
the subject decides to abandon henceforth all "will-to-possess" in his
regard.